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The main objective of this paper is to cover the possible causes of water shortages. There are many reasons why the people are facing water scarcity in different parts of the world including climatic changes, population growth, over-exploitation of natural resources, poor management practices, etc. The author also talks about different sources that provide an adequate amount of water for human consumption. The supply options have been classified into three following groups: surface water sources that include rivers and ground spring waters; deep freshwater sources that consist major aquifers below the earth's surface; non-potable freshwater sources that are contaminated with saltwater or otherwise unusable by humans due to environmental factors like pollution or antibiotic residues. In large cities, water demand is satisfied by numerous alternative sources of water. These include: public systems, localized private systems, biogas digesters and desalination plants. In addition to the cities, there are many communities that have a substantial part in supplying potable water to its residents. The paper also talks about the importance of rainwater harvesting and decentralized sources of irrigation in ensuring a steady supply of potable water to individual farmers and urban inhabitants. The author has provided a theoretical model for this purpose in which specific elements have been assumed for minimalistic purposes. In the model, irrigation area specific capacities have been assumed for different crops grown by farmers. The author has outlined the basic steps to be adopted if rainwater harvesting is to be carried out in a specific area. The researcher assumes that the residents of a community have agreed upon harvesting rainwater from their rooftops so that the stored water can later be diverted to individual households or public spaces. He further assumes that there are two main sources of water for irrigation purposes, i.e., surface water and shallow groundwater. The basic steps include:

After having explained various ways in which water can be harvested by individuals, the author moves on to an equally important aspect, i.e., wastewater disposal and sewerage systems for townships and cities. The author explains two main types of sewerage systems – centralized and decentralized – and the advantages associated with each system for water disposal purposes. Examples of different sewerage systems have been provided along with a section on sewerage financing. Different types of wastewater treatment processes have been classified into three categories: physical processes, chemical processes, and biological processes. All the techniques that have been discussed are applicable to small communities, townships or municipalities that can generate less than 10 million liters per day (MLD). For greater quantities, additional treatment levels are required. Furthermore, these technologies require extensive land usage and capital investments. It is only in locations with high population density, high urbanization rate and proximity to urban areas that the technologies should be considered for large-scale application. The author has discussed different methods of wastewater treatment in terms of surface water use. These methods have been classified into three categories:

The paper concludes with a review of the factors that have contributed to the success of existing wastewater treatment technologies in townships and cities. This paper mainly focuses on Water Pollution. Water pollution causes various problems to people’s health, economy, ecology etc. The main reason for water pollution is human activities which are causing it by various ways i.e.

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